Abstract
The effect produced by the processing conditions on the viscosity of recycled polyethylene terephthalate was studied. For this, a simulation of the processing was carried out using a melt flow index plastometer, based on a factorial design of experiments 22. The temperature and the retention time of the polymer inside the processing chamber were selected as independent factors, while the intrinsic viscosity of the polyethylene terephtalate was the response variable. Through a linear regression analysis of the experimental design, it was possible to obtain for the first time the equation of the model adjusted for intrinsic viscosity, on which the two factors studied (time and temperature) as well as the interaction between them presented a significant effect with a level of 95% confidence. In all cases, there was a decrease in the viscosity of the recycled polyethylene terephthalate, with the highest incidence being 30% when the temperature increased from 260 to 280 °C. For a recycling process, it is recommended to maintain a temperature profile that does not exceed 260 °C and residence times equal to or less than 10 min.

Abstract
In solid plastic waste, polypropylene is one of the thermoplastics with the highest consumption in urban areas and, therefore, the one with the highest waste generation. In this sense, mechanical recycling is the simplest application technique taking advantage of the waste of the same family of thermoplastics that conditioned with other fibers allow the improvement of their properties, through the elaboration of composites with natural or synthetic fibers. This study aims to analyze the most important properties of compounds made of polypropylene with natural fibers: banana and abaca; polypropylene compounds with polyethylene terephthalate in different concentrations, with and without couplant; and a heat treatment for the improvement of the recycled polypropylene matrix. Samples are obtained by single screw extrusion at different temperature profiles and concentrations of added fiber. The heat treatment of polypropylene is proposed by measuring the degree of crystallization that is generated. Subsequently, the calorimetry of traction, flexion and differential sweep of good workability compounds is measured using terphthalic anhydrous coupler. The results show improvements in tensile and bending properties at the time of addition of the coupling agent in both compounds and with low concentrations of reinforcing fiber.

Abstract
The main genetic determinants involved in bacterial resistance to heavy metals reported in the literature were identified and described, as well as their uses at biotechnological and environmental levels. A bibliographic review of information from the last ten years found in SJR indexed journals available in different databases was carried out, outlining the current state of knowledge on the subject and making qualitative comparisons between the selected researches. Bacteria are constantly evolving and becoming more resistant thanks to the acquisition of genes that enable them to cope with the toxic effects of metals. Therefore, the genetic determinants of bacterial resistance to metals such as arsenic, mercury, chromate and cadmium were compiled from several authors, being respectively: ars, mer, chr, cad and czc; these systems can be located in the chromosome and plasmids of bacteria. The mechanism of action encoded by each determinant is described, mainly regulation and enzymatic detoxification. Finally, the biotechnological and environmental applications of the determinants were compared, finding wide use in the construction of biosensors and genetically modified organisms.

Abstract
Introduction. Foodborne illnesses have increased in recent years as a result of the consumption of agricultural products contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Objective. To identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of pathogenic bacteria isolated in agricultural crops from the Chambo river basin. Materials and methods. A total of 12 samples of vegetables collected from agricultural areas of six geographical points near the Chambo River were analyzed. Bacterial isolation and identification was performed by conventional tests using culture media in conjunction with biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined by the agar disc diffusion method. Results. (12/14) 85.7% human pathogenic bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriacea family were identified, including: Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca and (2/14) 14.3% corresponding to Enterococcus faecalis. 50% of the Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone and cftazidime), 50% to kanamycin and 25% to imipenem, gentamicin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate a high contamination of agricultural crops dumped with irrigation water from the Chambo river basin by species of Enterobacteriaceae and E. faecalis; with high percentages of resistance to antibiotics for clinical use.

Abstract
In this technical study, the accident rate is approached statistically at the national, provincial and cantonal levels, to later focus on Mariscal Sucre Avenue, which according to data from the Metropolitan Public Company of Mobility and Public Works is the most accident-prone road within the road system of the Metropolitan District of Quito. Mariscal Sucre avenue has a length of 31 kilometers crossing the city on its western flank from Guamani in the south to Ponceano in the north, for its study the route was delimited taking as a starting point the intersection with Avenida Universitaria to Avenida San Francisco de Rumihurco, resulting in a 12.7 kilometer stretch. The analysis of the section of the avenue starts from the determination of the accident, morbidity and mortality rates through the study of the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) and a population buffer of the neighborhoods that adjoin the route of the road. Subsequently, the critical points, also known as black spots, are identified, which are those where accidents are most recurrent.

Abstract
A closure plan was established for the El Tablón community taling dam (RCET in Spanish) located in the province of El Oro-Ecuador, affected by technical problems during the operation in relation to: the constructive methodology regarding the deposition of the tailings forming unstable platforms that exceed the height of the dike (± 25m), in addition to the damage to the integral system of the bottom drainage, the visual and landscape impact. Two fundamental aspects are developed; The first is the elaboration of a geological-geotechnical model of the tailings dam, through the information obtained from: 2,085 m of electrical tomography lines, 1,390 m of refraction seismic lines, 100 m of vertical electrical soundings and 150 m of drilling with core recovery, approximately 20 m of pits and in-situ studies. Second, works are proposed to mitigate the damage caused by mismanagement of the tailings as: the stabilization of the platforms with the filling up to a closing level (696m.s.n.m.); the implementation of phytoremediation techniques, reforestation and the construction of diversion channels. Finally, it is important to insist on the need for the design and construction of a water treatment plant with leachate.

Abstract
The constant mining development has generated a large number of environmental liabilities, especially mine tailings (mining waste), stored in tailings, most of which are abandoned after their useful life, without maintaining chemical and physical control, generating environmental contamination. The development of pavers using mine tailings begins with physical, mineralogical and chemical analyses of the tailings sands to determine if the material is suitable as aggregate. Once the tailings were analyzed, prototypes of pavers were made using different dosages, replacing the stone powder with the tailings in order to determine the best physical resistance characteristics according to INEN 3040 and INEN 1488 1986 standards. It was determined that the adequate dosage as tailings aggregate is replacing 70% of the stone dust in the manufacture of pavers. It is concluded that mortar designed based on tailings sand, cement and aggregates represents a saving at the time of managing these wastes in relation to the construction of new tailings. A tensile strength of 3MPa was obtained, whose value is linked to the high quartz content (±80%), typical of the mineral paragenesis of the deposit.

Abstract
In this research, ethanolic extracts of mulberry and mango leaves were evaluated as potential dehydrators of heavy crude oils. The extracts were obtained by maceration with a 70:30 % vol ethanol: water mixture. The effectiveness was determined using several aqueous emulsions, W/O, from 10 to 40% by volume, of heavy crudes, Hamaca and Jobo type, from the Orinoco Oil Belt. The emulsions were dosed with 100, 500, 1000, 1000, 1500 and 2000 µL/L of the ethanolic extract, shaken, centrifuged and the phases separated. The results showed that the blackberry and mango demulsifiers have great affinity for dehydrating heavy crude oils. The mango extract presented greater efficiency in breaking emulsions, W/O, of Jobo crude oil, while the mulberry extract for Hamaca crude oil.

Abstract
This research seeks to determine significantly influencing factors on chronic malnutrition of children from zero to five years old in Ecuador. The variables that were part of the study have been considered according to the conceptual framework proposed by UNICEF and extracted from the databases of the latest 2018 Health and Nutrition survey developed by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses and the Ministry of Public Health. In order to compare results, models based on classification trees and logistic regression were applied. It was found that the basic factors related to: child's ethnic group, mother's schooling, access to mobile communication, çparents' marital status, mother's age, the number of children in the family, and the type of fuel used for cooking have a significant influence on the infant's nutritional status. These factors are directly related with basic and underlying factors such as control of the mother before and after delivery, infant vaccination, adequate nutrition and the size of the child at birth, which also influence in malnutrition.

Abstract
Street food sales constitute a job opportunity in countries with emerging economies. Due to the conditions in which these foods are prepared and sold, they are a potential source of disease, becoming a public health problem. Research is necessary in countries with this problem. This work collects and analyzes the publications on this topic. The articles were obtained from Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar digital databases, using keywords. After applying the corresponding filters, 35 articles were used, which showed results of microbial count and percentages of compliance with correct hygiene practices. It was observed that food with a higher percentage of the permitted levels of E. coli, the main indicator associated with fecal contamination is found in Ghana, Nigeria, Peru and Venezuela; no publication shows 100% of compliance with the parameters of good hygiene practices. These results show the urgent need to raise awareness among all those involved in the selling chain (sellers, consumers, control agencies), about the pertinent and timely action to improve the conditions of street food sales.

Abstract
This document aims to analyze the application of survival analysis, and specifically the cox model in an area such as finance, which has not traditionally been addressed in Latin America. In the first instance the existing bibliography has been described and analyzed with respect to the benefits that the application of the analysis of survival derives in the dynamics of the formal financial system, later a methodological procedure has been proposed that allows to to apply a survival analysis to a mortage portfolio loans belonging to an Ecuadorian financial institution, with the purpose of segmenting it and identifying internal and external situations in order to define differentiated strategies for both the credit granting and the collection management. Finally, the analysis was automated through programming in the R software, thus facilitating its reproduction and parameterization for its implementation as part of the credit risk management and mitigation actions associated with the mortgage portfolio analyzed.

Abstract
This paper analyzes the personal income distribution at different levels: national, provincial and by economic activity for the 2006-2016 period, based on information from household surveys. To test whether changes in the distribution of personal income over time are statistically significant, non-parametric tests for k samples, based on the Empirical Distribution Function (EDF) and the Kernel Density Function (KDE) are applied. The results show that, indeed in the time period analyzed, there were changes in the distribution of personal income, mainly in location, rather than in form, where the tests based on the EDF perform well. Meanwhile, at the territorial level, changes in the shape of the distribution were evidenced, as in the case of Chimborazo, where the tests based on the KDE, such as the L1 norm or the Common Area, rejected the null hypothesis.

Abstract
The inhabitants of the town of Salache, Cotopaxi-Ecuador consume water from underground sources. In order to know the quality of the water, laboratory tests were carried out, determining that the water contains 450 mg L⁻¹ of sulfates, as well as 520 and 583 mg CaCO₃ L⁻¹ of alkalinity and hardness, respectively. The Ecuadorian standard indicates that sulfates must be at 200 mg L⁻¹, and that alkalinity as well as hardness must not exceed 500 mg CaCO₃ L⁻¹. Through experimental tests of downward filtration, the individual effectiveness of the filter materials sand, zeolite and strong acid cationic resin, in removing the concentrations of sulfates and calcium carbonate, was verified. The sand filtration results allowed the removal of alkalinity concentrations to 340 mg of CaCO₃ L⁻¹, hardness to 225 mg of CaCO₃ L⁻¹ and sulfates to 315 mg L⁻¹. The zeolite bed reduced alkalinity to 280 mg of CaCO₃ L⁻¹, hardness to 257 mg of CaCO₃ L⁻¹ and sulfates to 320 mg L⁻¹. The strong acid cationic resin was more effective in reducing alkalinity to 198 mg of CaCO₃ L⁻¹, hardness to 180 mg of CaCO₃ L⁻¹ and sulfates to 120 mg L⁻¹.

Abstract
The objective of the research work is to design a mathematical model to minimize production costs, through the application of the Lingo 19 software in the assembly of the HAVAL M4 AC 1.5 5P 4x2 vehicule model produced by the company Ciauto Cía. Ltda. An instrument (Check List) was designed to collect the information. In the analysis of the Installed Capacity (IC), a value of twelve (12) vehicles / day was obtained, where 50% of the most sold model is assembled by the company, that is, six (6) M4 Models vehicles per day, with a total production cost per year of USD 198,052.50. Based on the data from the research work, it is concluded to provide a mathematical tool that minimizes production costs in the assembly area of the company Ciauto Cía. Ltda in an efficient and sustainable way in the short, medium, and long term, to generate an efficient management of resources. It is recommended to apply the Linear Programming Mathematical Model to minimize production costs for any area of a vehicle assembler, such as welding, painting or unpacking.

Abstract
Job stress involves a set of physiological, cognitive, emotional and behavioral reactions that the individual experiences when faced with circumstances that imply excessive pressure in a work context. This situation can have a negative impact on the performance, motivation, satisfaction and commitment of the worker with the company. Considering the complexity of the working conditions imposed by COVID-19 on health personnel, the objective of this study was to analyze work stress among primary care health professionals (doctors and nurses) who work in a Health District of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador during the health emergency due to COVID-19. The study is of a quantitative cross-sectional type; a questionnaire of sociodemographic variables and the Job Stress Questionnaire (JSS) were applied to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 41 people. Both types of professionals present high levels of work stress, with doctors obtaining the highest scores and people over 30 years of age. It is essential to deepen this type of analysis in order to obtain data that will allow for sound decision making to avoid loss of life, unnecessary wear and tear on healthcare personnel and a decrease in their productivity.

Abstract
Currently, in the area within higher education, data management has become essential for academic decision making and the improvement of educational processes. Analytics and statistics have been taken to the technological field, where the processes automation and the large databases management through Machine Learning algorithms are the most used, among which are the clustering algorithms, whose purpose is to group data by similarity. The objective of this study was to find types of university students with respect to their sociodemographic, economic and academic performance variables, using the K-medoid algorithm on data of students entering the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina in Lima, Peru. It was determined that the students under study can be segmented into 3 groups, each with its own characteristics, which will make it possible to promote changes in favor of educational quality and promote the renovation of teaching spaces in a personalized way around the type of student that the university manages.

Abstract
In Morona Santiago province, 4%, 8% and 12% extract of Dulcamara Kalanchoe gastonis bonnieri was used in drinking water in broiler chickens of the COBB 500 line during the growth and fattening stage in order to reduce their morbidity and mortality compared to a control treatment to reduce production costs. The research design was experimental, quantitative, analytical. A random design with 4 treatments was applied to 100 one-day-old birds, each with 5 repetitions under controlled conditions; Analysis of Variance and the Tukey method were used for information analysis. Statistically there were no significant differences; but with the 4% dulcamara extract a final weight of 2,690.88 g was obtained; 2,646.92 g of weight gained and 1.97 of feed conversion without presenting mortality and morbidity except for the control treatment. The use of Dulcamara extract also resulted in a cost/benefit of US$1.39 by reducing production costs and generating higher profitability. It is concluded that it is advisable to use Dulcamara extract at 4% as an option in broiler production.

Abstract
In this study, the capacity of isolated Chlorophyta algae from Limoncocha lagoon to remove organic matter in wastewater from the Shushufindi municipal slaughterhouse (Province of Sucumbios – Ecuador) was evaluated. Six different treatments of 1.8 L, with five replicates each, were applied in a tubular photobioreactor. The treatments aimed at assessing algae growth consisted of using of Nitrofoska foliar culture medium, with and without aeration; while for the organic matter reduction tests, four treatments were applied at a 1:3 dilution of the litter wastewater: two experimental units inoculated with Chlorophyta algae, one with aeration and one without aeration; and two experimental units without algae inoculation, with and without aeration. The photoperiod was 12 hours at 22.38°C and a pH value of 8.45. The most efficient treatment for the BOD5 (83.1%), phosphate (58.9%), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (63.1%) removal was the aerated cultivation of Chlorophyta algae in diluted bed wastewater, showing higher cell productivity (41944 cells/L/day) compared to the growth in the culture medium. The most efficient sulfate removal (58.9%) was obtained by Chlorophyta algae culture in diluted, non-aerated, farmyard wastewater.

Abstract
This study shows an analysis of the use of hemp as a potential alternative for the economic revival of Ecuador after the crisis experienced during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. To this end, three main points were studied: the economic approach, which shows the current situation of the Ecuadorian economy and the luxury of money generated by hemp worldwide, i.e. the main importers and exporters; the legal approach, which sets out the changes in Ecuadorian laws with respect to hemp and some of the benefits that these entail and finally, the agricultural and industrial approach where the productive potential of hemp and hemp-derived products is highlighted. It can be generally concluded that hemp utilization is supported by the current COIP reforms will allow the creation of numerous jobs in different sectors such as agriculture, commercial and industrial. At the same time, it is planned to increase the level of exports and promote domestic trade; is the purchase and sale of raw materials or products derived from hemp.

Abstract
The instrumentation of buildings allows us to evaluate and analyze the design of an existing building, and identify possible damage after the occurrence of a moderate to severe seismic event, considering the fundamental frequency as an essential parameter in the Dynamics of Structures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the fundamental frequencies of six structural models, and to compare the results obtained with the Modal Spectral and Step by step descriptive methods of analysis over time. The experimental analysis was carried out on the Quanser XY Shake Table III vibration table using three cortical and three subduction seismic recordings, in addition to four appropriately generated artificial accelerograms. The experimental phase consisted of the construction and testing of the models, finding the recorded accelerations of the earthquakes and selected accelerograms scaled to a displacement of 2.5 cm. Finally, the dynamic responses obtained experimentally were taken from the time domain to the frequency domain through the Fast Fourier Transform, for which a subroutine was developed in MATLAB that included the Butterworth filter and smoothing using the Konno & Ohmachi function, which directly processes the accelerations delivered by the accelerometer.

Abstract
Milling is a unit operation widely used in the food industry to turn grains, vegetables and meats into small-sized products. In this context. In this sense, a small-scale hammer mill was designed and built in order to reduce the size of dehydrated carrots and thus obtain a value-added food. Mill parameters such as force, torque and power were determined by theoretical calculations, while operational parameters such as milling coefficient and performance were determined by the carrot milling and sieving process. The force required by the equipment to mill the carrot was 5820 kg*m/s2, whereas the torque and power required by the motor to generate the cuts through the hammers were 34.92 kg*m2/s2 and 989.28 kg*m2/s3, respectively. A performance of 90 % and a milling coefficient of 10 allowed to reduce the diameter of the carrot from 5 cm to 0.5 cm. These results show that the equipment designed and built in this work allows to reduce the size of dehydrated carrot, a process that gives added value to the food and could be consumed as a natural snack.

Abstract
The exergy determines the loss of real energy more accurately than a traditional energy balance; In addition, economic-energy management becomes an aspect of great relevance, which correlates technical and optimization criteria. The objetive of this study was to perform an exergy analysis of the milk pasteurization plant in the Tunshi Experimental Station, - Chimborazo for the determination of points of greater destruction of exergy in the main lines of pasteurization of the station which are standardization and pasteurization, steam generation and cold system. The data of each line of the process was collected during a month in normal operation and taking the equations of the complete system using the program engineer equation solver. The results indicated that the highest destruction rate of exergy in the pasteurization line was in the plate heat exchanger (29.42 kJ s⁻¹), due to temperature differences in the heat shock for pasteurization, in the steam generation line was in the boiler due to heat losses (5.14 kJ s⁻¹) and in the cooling system line was given in the ice bank by rapid heat transfer (0.21 kJ s⁻¹). According to the results of the present study, the parameters of performance and sustainability of the dairy processing plants can be better evaluated and improved; As suggested through the use of better thermal insulator oriented and optimizing heat exchangers.

Abstract
Analyzing samples with unbalanced data is a challenge for those who should use them in terms of modeling. A context in which this happens is when the response variable is binary and one of its classes is very small in proportion to the total. For the modeling of binary variables, probability models such as logit or probit are usually used. However, these models present problems when the sample is not balanced and it is desired to elaborate the confusion matrix from which the predictive power of the model is evaluated. One technique that allows the observed data to be balanced is the SMOTE algorithm, which works with numerical data exclusively. This work is an extension of SMOTE such that it allows the use of mixed data (numerical and categorical). By using mixed data, this proposal also makes it possible to overcome the barrier of 65536 observations that the R software has when working with categorical data distances. Through a simulation study, it is possible to verify the benefits of the proposed algorithm: SMOTEMD for mixed data.

Abstract
This study shows the results obtained from the socioeconomic diagnosis of the Pungalá parish, carried out within the project called “Development of basic services related to the water cycle, renewable energy and public health in rural communities, through the implementation of autonomous sanitary batteries and ecological kitchens in the parish of Pungalá”. I order to know the starting baseline of the project, the primary information collection performed through door-to-door random interviews with 292 household heads living in the 26 communities of the parish. A mixed sampling was applied with proportional allocation according to the population density, the interview scope was about: housing, other properties, water supply, land cultivation, animal husbandry, monthly family expenses and personal information. A descriptive and correspondence analysis was performed with 95% reliability and 5% error in the sample size calculation. With this study we identified that Pungalá under low socioeconomic group (Group D) according to the socioeconomic stratification survey (INEC 2011).

Abstract
A proposal for the management of wastes generated at the “Padre Alberto Bonilla” hospital was developed. To do this, the hospital was divided into 7 areas and waste-generating activities were identified. For each area, it was quantified hazardous wastes, thus their weights, volumes and densities were obtained. Subsequently, environmental impacts caused by an incorrect disposal of hazardous waste were valued by means of cause-and-effect matrix. Finally, the technical proposal was structured to provide solution to the negative impacts identified. As a result, it was determined that the hospital generates 69.07 kg/day of waste, being the areas of greater incidence of hospitalization with a production of 25 kg/day of waste, followed by the kitchen with a production of 19 kg/day. The total daily volume on a basis and the density of the wastes were of 0.83 m3 and 70.8 kg/m3, respectively; and in terms of composition, it depends on the area. According to the cause-effect matrix, the hospital, emergency and laboratory areas have the greatest impact on the problem of hazardous waste. The implementation of the technical proposal for waste management, which will contribute to the sustainable development of the health institution, is recommended.

Abstract
The microbiological quality of the brine used in an artisan cheese factory in the rural parish of Quimiag of the province of Chimborazo, was analyzed, considering that salting process is a critical point during the artisan cheese production. The supplies and materials used for the preparation of the brine, the tools, manipulators and the production environment were sampled from its preparation until the day this solution is discarded. The microbial counts of the new and reused salt exceeded the limits of the Ecuadorian standard for human consumption salt, except for E. coli in the new salt, while S. aureus was identified in the water even after heating received prior use. ATP values measured in tools and manipulators were found between 86.5 to 5279.7 URL, and, the microbial count in the environment exceeded that established by the American Public Health Association of the United States. The level of S. aureus in the brine exceeds the limit of the national regulations for fresh cheeses from the day of its elaboration, and for E. coli and aerobic mesophiles it reaches the maximum allowed on day 5, showing a short shelf life, lack of correct practices of hygiene and the use of contaminated raw materials during brining.

Abstract
Data analysis is an approach to understand phenomena with complex dynamics. Multidimensional Scaling allows the visualization of systems behavior and also captures its space-time evolution. While fractional calculation, applied through Fractional State Space Portrait permits to identify clusters in data groups, including meteorological variables such as temperature. Aimed at this, the mutually multivariate information has been used to find the optimal derivative order that has resulted in an improved revealing of the dynamic temperature system in 11 meteorological stations in the province of Chimborazo during 2015. On the map of the State Space Fractional Portrait two large clusters that represent the two typical seasons of an equatorial tropical climate can be identified. Such clusters are strongly influenced by the numerous microclimates present in this heterogeneous territory.

Abstract
The elaboration of this model seeks to relate customs crimes with factors and covariates that influence and facilitate the commitment of this criminal type, through the estimation of a Poisson model. For this study the behavior of the socioeconomic indicators that are had is related in Ecuador, as well as, the devaluations of the Colombian Peso and the Peruvian Sun, managing to identify factors that generate their commitment and how to intervene from various fields, both control and prevention, in fields such as social, control in territory and intervention that promote the legal economy in border cities.

Abstract
This paper uses the concept of data depth as well as the nonparametric control chart developed by Regina Liu, to monitor student performance in a group of subjects at an educational institution over a given period of time. The methodology uses a reference set obtained from the results themselves rather than ideal standards. This reference set serves to calibrate the control chart and therefore monitor subsequent data. The concept of data depth allows creating a univariate index from, in this case, two variables, to generate an order from "inside" to "outside" the point cloud, the most central point being the deepest. The subsequent calculation of the range from the depths is the basis of the chart r.

Abstract
It is important that Ecuador carries out a diagnosis of its renewable energy potential; therefore, the following study was executed with data obtained from meteorological stations and with the help of software developed by the National Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Model System Advisor (SAM ), where high enthalpy systems with parabolic collectors were designed in various areas of the upper basin of the Pastaza River, based on its solar energy potential and available area, to generate electrical energy and to predict possible locations for solar thermal power plants that do not cause a negative impact on the environment. Selected places are close to main roads, water sources, the national interconnected electric network and there is no human intervention, these favorable conditions are found in Tunshi, Escuela Superior Politecnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Chingazo, South of Chimborazo and North of Chimborazo areas. Areas with the highest energy production on average, were South of Chimborazo and North of Chimborazo and finally the financial analysis show a 20-year investment recovery with the current electric energy price established by Ecuador, at which the investment debt would be paid, therefore the project is feasible and will generate a positive impact in the country.

Abstract
The construction of artificial wetlands for the water treatment from water bodies such as the “Rumiyacu” River, has the purpose of reducing organic and inorganic pollutants from lotic ecosystems through primary processes, such as sedimentation, enzymatic degradation, absorption and volatilization of compounds. For this, in this bioremediation process, plant species (grasses) of the area were used, such as: Echynochloa polystachya, Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum máximum, and Arvenses sp. The water flow (0.58 m3/s) was determined by the float method, and using composite sampling (aliquots) the wetlands were designed. The statistical test of analysis of variances was applied to determine the species with the highest removal of pollutants such as: nickel, iron, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total coliforms and total oil hydrocarbons. As a whole, the removal of contaminating loads represents 44.53%, depending on the different efficiencies of each species in each parameter. Therefore, the tributaries of the river should be monitored and environmentally evaluated.

Abstract
This research evaluates the performance of the best known clustering algorithms using the biological stability index (BSI). A comparison was made between the clustering algorithms, to determine which is the optimum according to the score obtained in each algorithm, the group of genetics in Intensive Science, which uses extensive databases to cover almost all the results that could probably really. This method is applied to a gene expression database (Microarray). The analysis was performed on the "mouse" database included in the clValid package in the R software, for the study of mouse mesenchymal cells (neural crest and derived mesoderm), graphic methods, such as dendograms, are used for a first approach. For the selection of the optimal algorithm, the biological stability index was calculated for each clustering algorithm, the best being the one closest to the unit. Consequently, the most stable algorithm for this database is "Diana". To reach this result, the number of clusters with the response obtained in each case was visualized graphically; the optimal algorithm was taken as the one that most closely matches the reality of the problem, taking into account its score in the indexes and also with the help of a phylogenetic graph for a final approach.

Abstract
The particulate material of 2.5 microns known as PM2.5 is found in urban air, mainly due to vehicular contamination. The health effects are irreversible because by their size it can permanently lodge in the pulmonary alveoli. The objective of the research was to analyze the predictability of PM2.5 concentrations in Quito-Ecuador (0-13'12.46"S, 78'30'36.97" O, height 2830 m), using the entropy of Kolmogórov-Sinai. The historical data of the concentrations of PM2.5, recorded by the Quito Metropolitan Atmospheric Monitoring Network from 2005-2016, were used. Prior to the predictivity analysis, the time delay parameters, the fit dimension and the Lyapunov exponents that determine the system dynamics, were calculated. The Tisian model is used to process the data. The largest number of positive exponents of Lyapunov are found in 2011, 2013 and 2016. Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy has a tendency to increase over the course of the 12 years analyzed, which implies a decrease in the redictability of PM2.5 data, due to the loss of information over the course of the system evolution.

Abstract
The Center for Alternative Energies and Environments of the Faculty of Sciences of ESPOCH has as main objective to contribute knowledge to the development of research, science and technology, in the field of alternative energies and environment; it is important to identify regions with similar behavior in the wind speed meteorological variable; in the province of Chimborazo-Ecuador, through the analysis of main components. The study was carried out using the Factoshiny R library and the data correspond to those obtainned from the meterological stations Alao, Atillo, Cumandá, Espoch, Matus, Multitud, Quimiag, Tunshi y Urbina; during the year 2015 in the months of January to November. The analysis of main components allowed the identification of two types of wind speed behaviors; the first is determined by the northern region of the province, with zones located at a height higher than 1000 m.a.s.l.; and the second corresponds to the subtropical region, the same one with the greatest diversity, with a totally different fauna and flora from the former.

Abstract
The study of coordination compounds is a fundamental aspect in the field of inorganic chemistry due to the fascinating nature they have manifested in their particular properties that allow them to have numerous industrial applications. This paper focuses on the synthesis and characteriza¬tion of potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) for feasible application. The synthesis of the compound was carried out at the laboratory with a set of progressive chemical reactions of oxalic acid, po¬tassium hydroxide and iron chloride (III) for the preparation of a solution from which crystals of the studied compound were obtained due to the process of precipitation in an environment without light. The crystals were separated from the solution through the gravity filtration system for its characterization by infrared spectroscopy and finally its application in the monochromatic photographic technique. The results of the investigation show that photoreduction capacity of the Fe+3 ion contained in the compound studied allows it to have a contribution and to be useful in the photography industry as an element for the preparation of photographic ink.

Abstract
The design of mobile applications is considered one of the technological priorities in the modern world. These are aimed at satisfying the demand of users to ensure efficiency and business productivity through the automation of their processes. The objective of this research was to develop a mobile web application for the reading of water consumption meters and charges for services rendered. For its development, the agile methodology was used, , the Scrum method, which allowed executing the tasks efficiently with active participation of the client; Test-Driven Development was applied to perform unit tests in programming tasks and acceptance tests to validate functionalities. The main result was the design and execution of a web application that meets the target and exceeded the first quality and performance tests, pending implementation at a functional scale. The Scrum method and Test Driven Development are tools of invaluable value in the design and development of web applications to be implemented in the business sector.

Abstract
Hypothesis verification requires a prior approach of factors such as the sample size and its reliabi¬lity of statistical tests to address experimental studies, since the presence of an effect derived from a treatment can be rejected, when in reality there is not enough statistical power to arrive at that conclusion. The objective of this article is to define what is the power of a statistical test, explain its calculation and determine the level of approximation of the sample sizes of the statistical test of paired means generated by three R software packages, and identify if there are similarities in the generation of results with the G * power software; giving a degree of security and confidence for statistical tests in power analysis.

Abstract
The problem of water sources in Ecuador is an environmental problem mainly due to wastewater discharges. This type of water pollution is related to the displacement of ecosystems but the issue is also health. The high amounts of organic and inorganic material dissolved in river flows and their use in irrigated crops and watering can endanger human health. In the canton Chambo-Ecuador (height 2780 m), 12.95% of the total area is agricultural land and its source of irrigation is the Chambo river. The sewer network of this canton discharges its wastewater to the river without prior treatment. To determine the water conditions of this river, check the ICA NSF Water Quality Index. Analysis of physicochemical and microbiological laboratory analysis of river water, before and after wastewater discharges. The research is carried out during the dry season to know the water quality when there is less capacity for self-purification. The laboratory results and the weighting with the ICA NSF method, determined that the water of the Chambo river is of poor quality even before being contaminated with wastewater with a quality index of 45.40% determining that the river water is not Suitable to be used for crop irrigation.

Abstract
The purpose of this project was to design a production process of balanced food for pets by processing waste generated in the stages of splitting and fleshing, in tannery. In order to make this possible, several tests were carried out at the laboratory level, these tests were based on the analysis of three types of drying (electric drying, gas drying and drying to room temperature) thus determining the most suitable method by means of statistics tests, the characterization of the raw material was carried on by methods and techniques compiled in the Ecuadorian Technical Standard NTE INEN-ISO 6498 determining that the tanning residues are suitable for this purpose since they contain the percentage of protein necessary to feed the pets. In addition to this, the tests for the validation of the final product carried out were based on the Ecuadorian Technical Standard NTE INEN 187, which specifies the physical and microbiological parameters that the balanced food needs to meet for its consumption, the collected results were the most appropriate. Finally, the most suitable process includes reception of the raw material, washing, deliming, cutting, molding, blanching, dried by means of an electric tray dryer, packaging, and labelling. The design of this process is profitable for the company since it was possible to recover one of the elements of the solid waste from tanning by giving it an added value, it is recommended to try other drying techniques to improve the quality of the final product, and reduce the production costs.

Abstract
The present work aims to obtain dehydrated tomato tree (Cyphomandra betacea L) and guava (Psidium guajaba L) with combined dehydration techniques, By using a dehydrator with a flat collector, the fruit is dried, at a stage of optimum maturity and at variable conditions a product of good appearance is obtained. To such end that an osmo - dehydration with 50% sucrose intervenes and the solar dehydration allows to achieve the primary objective of improving the quality, therefore, the properties would be kept closer to those of the fresh product, at the same time parameters are established of operation and drying standards. In the research, a two-factor design is applied where. A is the time of dehydration (4, 5, 6 days) and B is the volume of the fruit exposed to the solar dehydrator (2 and 4 kg), there being three repetitions with which 18 treatments for each fruit studied. The experimental responses analyzed are protein content, fiber, solids, ash and humidity of the dehydrated fruit. The statistical results show that the best treatment for the tree tomato is A2B2 (5 days 4 kg) and for the guava A1B1 (4 days and 2 kg). The sensory evaluation was based on the acceptability that the assessors evaluate to the 2 treatments as acceptable.

Abstract
Metabolome is a group of low molecular weight organic compounds (metabolites) produced by biological systems. Bacterial antagonism is an important evolving force, in this sense analysis of its metabolome represents a useful tool for discovering new molecules with biological activity. The objective of this research work was to implement the use of chemometric algorithms for the identification of variations in the metabolome of the microbial antagonism between Pseudovibrio denitrificans and Vibrio harveyi. Extracts from cultured bacteria and used culture media were analyzed by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array detector (UHPLC-DAD). Additionally, chemometric algorithms were employed, subjecting to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the obtained chromatograms. Three peaks were found that express the major variability between the individual metabolome and the metabolome from the interaction of P. denitrificans and V. harveyi. In this manner, metabolomic through UHPLC-DAD and chemometric algorithms, showed to be a useful tool to identify the peaks responsible for differences between microbial interactions.

Abstract
The objective of the study is to explain the behavior of the crime of contraband, based on the devaluations of the Colombian and Peruvian currencies. The information was collected from the allegations of contraband of the base of crimes of the Fiscalía General de Estado de Ecuador (FGE), the monthly quotes were also collected on average reached by the Colombian Peso of the Financial Superintendence of Colombia (www.superfinanciera.gov.co) and the Peruvian sol of the website investing.com (https://es.investing.com/currencies/usd-pen-historical-data). The results show the correct estimation of the econometric model for the contraband, in addition to how the explanatory variables generate the commission of the crime of contraband, this will allow the governmental authorities to take economic measures to protect the internal and external market of the Country

Abstract
Berries from central and southern Chile were analyzed in order to find promising sources of polyphenols with clear activity on human health. Five native fruits like arrayan, white strawberry, murtilla and calafate, and a traditional berry (grape called “tintorera”) were studied. Antioxidant properties were determined in vitro according to the total polyphenol assay of Folin Ciocalteu, an-thocyanins by differential pH, antioxidant capacity by measuring the capacity of reduction of the free radical 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracil (DPPH) and iron reducing capacity (FRAP) and chemi-cal profile by HPLC-DAD. Calafate showed the highest value (1066.4 ± 24.9 mg gallic acid / 100g sample) for total polyphenols and anthocyanins (1031.9 ± 48.1 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside / 100g of sample) followed by blue grape. Calafate displayed excellent reducing power (11279.2 ± 2027.4 μmol Trolox / 100g FRAP assay and 5235.0 ± 445.9, μmol / 100g in DPPH), followed by grape. The chemical profile of anthocyanins showed delphinidin, cyanidin, malvidin, petunidin, peonidin and pelargonidin in the five berries. Around 30 flavonols derived from quercetin, myricetin and isorhamnetin were identified as well as ellagitannins present in white strawberry, very interesting compounds for further studies. These results contribute to highlight the potential use of these be-rries as functional foods.

Abstract
Development of anticorrosive coatings currently seeks the reuse of large quantities of discarded polymers, among which polystyrene stands out. The objective of this research was to evaluate an anticorrosive coating formulated based on recycled expanded polystyrene. Two standard formulations were developed with expanded polystyrene recycled as resin, D-limonene as solvent, TiO2 pigment charge, ZnO anticorrosive agent and cobalt octoate as a drying agent. Their physical, chemical and Theological properties were evaluated in reference to the Ecuadorian Technical Norm NTE INEN 1045 "Anticorrosive paints. Glossy alkyd enamel. Requirements. " The results show that the formulation 2 gives better results depending on its a time of drying to the touch (63,840 min), viscosity (715,80 cP), percentage of adherence (96,00 %), cleaning in glass and percentage of solids (39,50 %). Additionally, the corrosion resistance of the obtained coating versus a commercial coating was compared by exposure, in the saline environment of Las Palmas Beach in the city of Esmeraldas, plates made of carbon steel, 304L stainless steel and black tol, all treated with both coatings and tested by weight loss technique. Corrosion rate in the samples where the polystyrene coating was applied, in thousandths of inches per year (mpy), were 0.859 for the black tol, 0.259 for carbon steel and 0.064 for 304L stainless steel. Also ASTM-610 standard standardized images was applied. Potential of the recycled polymer as a resin for anticorrosive coating was confirmed by the results of this investigation.

Abstract
The correct management of urban solid waste has been a permanent concern for municipal go-vernments due to the great volume generated. In order to improve the collection system of these waste, the Municipal Autonomous Decentralized Government of Riobamba in 2 013 used a contai-nerization system based on the experience of door to door picking. In this investigation, the geo-rreferenciation of the containers was made generating digital maps and was determined the per-ception of users about the implemented system, through the application and validation of research instruments. The data obtained were subjected to the multivariate analysis determining that the effectiveness, frequency, location and culture-municipal budget characterized the phenomenon. Regarding these factors, the daily collection was satisfactory for 528 users, while 302 affirmed the good condition of the containers, 407 their enough capacity and 384 coincided with an adequate location of the container. However, 232 users detected a bad smell due to lack of washing and 248 reported misuses. The characterization of containerization service will contribute to establish po-lities focused on their improvement.

Abstract
The riddance of the acid components of natural gas is known as sweetening, this is achieved throu-gh its absorption with basic solutions such as alkanolamines, throughout a reversible exothermic reaction, which subsequently allows its regeneration. In this theoretical research was carried out the absorption of CO2 and H2S extant in the natural gas used in the ASPEN PLUS process simu-lator with its thermodynamic package for amines, using as an absorber an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA). The ASPEN PLUS software is a good implement by the calculating process operation variables. Su this, satisfactory results were obtained absorption of CO2 and H2S when the flow and concentration of amine is increased. The absorption process occurs in a better way at low temperatures and high pressures; in opposite, the desorption process improves at high temperatures and low pressures. CO2 concentration in the clean gas is influenced by the number of stages of the absorber, but not the H2S.

Abstract
In the area of oil one of the main tasks consists of separate water and raw gas, from the crude, in the present work an analysis of the separation process is made in a separator of three-phase oil test installed in the Ecuadorian orient to determine the efficiency of separation that is obtained under the same conditions of operation when using instrumentation of different technology. In order to obtain data in the field investigation, it is proposed to test the vessel with fluids from five wells of different flow and with an API grade ranging between 18º and 30º, for which two types of tests are done in the separator, the one with a buoy interface meter installed inside the vessel and the other test under the same operating conditions a guided wave instrument is used. To determine the efficiency of each method used, the amount of raw water particles in the discharge line is analyzed with laboratory tests, so it is verified that when using the instrument of the buoy type the average BSW in the discharge line is 70% while with the guided wave instrument the results are much more satisfactory with an average BSW of 8%.

Abstract
The present research has evaluated the cathodic protection system applied to fuel storage tanks base at the Terminal de productos limpios of EP PETROECUADOR public company located in Riobamba. It was evaluated during January and May, 2018. Therefore, it studied the effectiveness of the CPS by printed current which calculates the electrochemical potential and the ohmic drop (IR) by the interruption current technique (ICT). The tanks thickness was rated by ultrasound. In order to know the humidity, plasticity index and corrosivity of the soil we did a physical-chemical analysis. It was founded that the soil where the tanks are supported on (reinforced concrete slabs) has a resistivity of 10 916.15 and 14 363.36 Ω / cm, which shows a low corrosivity. We concluded that the CPS is effective since it has a low corrosion rate of 0.152 mm per year. The ICT found that 53% of the base of steel coated and cathodically protected tanks fulfill the criteria of cathodic pro-tection of steel polarization (+100 mV) that is established in the NACE Prescription Standard SP 0169-2013.

Abstract
The purpose of this research project was to determine the appropriate dosage of humic acid and Caesalpinia spinosa (tare), for the goat skin tanning process, depending on the quality of the lea-ther obtained, as an alternative to the use of chromium salts and their impact environmental. The experimental units used in the present investigation were16 fresh goat skins, which were subjec-ted to the tanning process using different concentrations of humic acid (0, 5, 10 and 20 %) and a fixed percentage of tare (15%) in the “EL AL-CE” Industrial Plant located in Guano. Once the process was finished, the quality of the skins obtained was evaluated through physical-mechani-cal, sensory and chemical tests. Finally, a Simple Randomized Experimental Design was applied, of 4 treatments with 4 replicates each using a statistical package. The best results of the statistical treatment in physical-mechanical tests: tensile strength (2973.80 N / cm2), elongation percentage (62.50%) and lastometry (7.89 mm) were reported when tanning with 10% humic acid and 15% tare. From the sensory rating, excellent results were obtained in tanning with 20% humic acid, while in softness and flower looseness of the tanning with 10% humic acid and 15% tare, it genera-ted the best results. Chemical evaluation obtained very good results in all investigated treatments. In conclusion, the results show the feasibility of tanning with 10% humic acid in combination with 15% tare, obtaining tanned leathers without chrome meeting the characteristics required by the European markets for its export industrial.

Abstract
When a researcher does not have an a priori knowledge of the configuration of groups in a given data set, the need to perform a classification known as unsupervised classification emerges. In addition, the data set can be mixed (qualitative and/or quantitative data) or presented in large volumes. The kmeans algorithm, for example, does not allow the comparison of mixed data and is limited to a maximum of 65536 objects in the R software. K-medoids, on the other hand, allows the comparison of mixed data but also has the same limitation of objects that k-means does. The traditional CLARA algorithm can easily exceed this volume limitation, but it does not allow the comparison of mixed data. In this context, this work is an extension of the CLARA algorithm for mixed data, the CLARABD algorithm. Gower distance is central in CLARABD to make this ex-tension, because it allows the comparison of mixed data and it is also possible to process a data set with more than 65536 observations. To show the benefits of the proposed algorithm, a simulationprocess has been carried out as well as an application to real data, obtaining consistent results in each case.

Abstract
Due to the technological development of the industrialized countries, the design and assembly of solar collectors for water heating is mainly intended to operate in European and Western coun-tries. To monitor the operation of collectors, specific equipment is required that generally focuses on collecting data from the water storage tank, without considering the process that takes place in the vacuum tubes. The present study shows the design and implementation of a bank of tests for collectors, conformed by strategically possessed sensors that allow to measure the variation of temperature, pressure, level; in addition to an HMI (Human Machine Interface) to visualize the information obtained in real time. For the processing and processing of the information, the ARDUINO MEGA and DAQ NI6009 cards were used. As a result, the operation of the equipment with the obtained data is evidenced, when compared with the commercial devices: Sper Scienti-fic 800024 and HANNA, the implemented system presented a similar operation, with a shorter response time, and allowed to measure the temperature inside the Vacuum tubes in 4 different positions. By knowing the internal behavior of the fluid within the device, you can obtain accurate conclusions about the internal process within the collector.

Resumen
La calidad del agua utilizada en las plantas de procesamiento de alimentos, influye en la calidad del producto final, siendo necesario su análisis y control. Este estudio analizó los parámetros físico-químicos y microbiológicos del sistema de agua que abastece a las queseras artesanales, ubicadas en la parroquia rural Quimiag. Las muestras fueron tomadas por triplicado en época de verano en 14 puntos del sistema de abastecimiento de agua. Estos puntos fueron las vertientes de agua natural, los tanques de almacenamiento y los grifos en las queseras y sus tanques de reserva. Los análisis efectuados fueron: turbiedad, color, pH, conductividad, sólidos totales, nitratos, nitritos, fluoruros, coliformes fecales, y parásitos, según las normas técnicas ecuatorianas y una norma mexicana. Los resultados evidencian que el agua proveniente de todos los puntos de muestreo cumple con los parámetros físico-químicos que exige la norma NTE INEN 1108 (requisitos agua potable), sin embargo, sólo las fuentes naturales de agua (vertientes) presentan calidad microbiológica aceptable, y a medida que el agua continúa en el sistema de abastecimiento, ésta presenta mayor carga bacteriana y presencia de parásitos. Al no contar con una planta de tratamiento que garantice la calidad del agua utilizada en las queseras, ésta debe ser clorada adecuadamente para eliminar los microorganismos y prevenir la contaminación cruzada.

Resumen
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la actividad cicatrizante del extracto de Hierba mosquera (Croton elegans Kunth) en ratones (Mus musculus). Con el extracto etanólico concentrado se realizó cuantificaciones espectrofotométricas para flavonoides totales expresados en porcentaje de rutina y de compuestos fenólicos mediante el micrométodo de Folin-Ciocalteau, y determinación colorimétrica de tanino expresado como ácido tánico. En la evaluación de actividad cicatrizante se utilizaron 18 ratones (Mus musculus) albinos con peso de 35 a 40g, dos meses de edad, 12 machos y 6 hembras provenientes del bioterio de la facultad de Ciencias (ESPOCH). Divididas en 6 grupos experimentales, 3 para cada tratamiento: extracto etanólico de hierba mosquera en concentraciones del 20%, 40% y 80%, el control negativo fueron ratones con heridas sin tratamiento, y para controles positivos se aplicaron eterol y crema base de acetato de prednisolona con sulfato de neomicina. Se midió la longitud de la herida y examen histopatológico del corte de piel del lugar de lesión. El contenido total de flavonoides fue 80µg, contenido total de fenoles 2.07µg y la concentración de compuestos tánicos 24,36µg. El test Tukey con nivel de significancia 0,05% reveló que el extracto etanólico al 80% tuvo mayor efectividad. El extracto etanólico al 80% de hierba mosquera expone reconstitución total de tejido en menor tiempo demostrando actividad cicatrizante.

Resumen
En el presente artículo se presenta las acciones y resultados de la electroremediación por derrames de petróleo en el cantón Joya de los Sachas, Ecuador. Las acciones para la electrorremediación de metales pesados como el cadmio y níquel de los pasivos ambientales de suelo contaminado, generado por derrames de petróleo en el cantón Joya de los Sachas (sector la Parker) consistió en la determinación de las características físicoquímicas y mineralógicas del suelo, además, la identificación de los potenciales óptimos para su remediación durante 48 h a través de soluciones electrolíticas para inmovilizar iones metálicos y el análisis de los fenómenos de transporte de los metales pesados en base a los estudios de espectroscopia de absorción atómica y microscopia de barrido electrónico. Estas acciones, fueron determinantes para definir que los procesos electrocinéticos son más efectivos en suelos arcillosos debido a su carga superficial negativa. Como resultados más importantes se tiene que para el cadmio de 25,55 ppm, permitiendo alcanzar una eficiencia máxima de remoción de 93,71 %, para el níquel una concentración de 37,20 ppm alcanzando una eficiencia del 85,12 %, permitiendo cumplir con la normativa aplicable para actividades hidrocarburíferas. Finalmente, mediante la técnica de microscopia de barrido electrónico se pudo constatar una modificación de los elementos iniciales, que también se vieron desplazados por efectos del campo eléctrico.

Resumen
Desde la aparición de la industria, así como obtenemos productos de mejor uso, también experimentamos cambios que perjudican nuestros recursos hídricos. Un ejemplo muy claro de ello es la presencia de tensoactivos en los detergentes, que por su naturaleza forman una capa de grasa en la superficie evitando el paso del oxígeno hacia el interior, provocando la muerte de las especies acuáticas, y sus restos al descomponerse emanan olores fuertes. La industrialización de la quinua se realiza por vía seca que se conoce como escarificación, el polvillo es desechado sin uso alguno. Para el caso del chocho al realizar el lavado se elimina la saponina en su totalidad, en ríos, acequias o alcantarillado. Y en la industrialización de la cabuya en la producción de cuerdas, el zumo con alto contenido de saponina, también es desechado sin ninguna utilidad. Por esta razón se diseñó un proceso para obtener un detergente líquido amigable con el medio ambiente, utilizando como materia prima los “desechos” generados en la industrialización de quinua, chocho y cabuya, utilizando su contenido de saponina que es biodegradable. La saponina se obtuvo por extracción simple utilizando como solvente etanol al 96% de pureza. Donde sus propiedades físico-químicas fueron: densidad 1,11g/mL; temperatura 20,2°C; pH 6,64; IR 1,372; °Brix 25 y viscosidad 386,8 cP. El detergente obtenido se rigió bajo la Norma NTE INEN 0847 (2009), obteniendo de materia grasa un 3,28% de alcalinidad libre (NaOH) 0%, de materia activa 36,12%, fosfatos 0,08% y biodegradabilidad 94%, lo que indica que es un producto libre de álcalis, silicatos de sodio anticorrosivos, estabilizadores de espuma de amida, carboxi metil celulosa para la formación de suspensiones de partículas de suelo, blanqueadores, suavizantes de tejidos, enzimas, abrillantadores ópticos y sulfato de sodio que son contaminantes, por lo tanto aportaría a la conservación ecológica del planeta, por lo que se puede comercializar, además se realizó los cálculos de los índices financieros dando como resultado un VAN de $174.074,21 un TIR de 87% con un índice de rentabilidad de 2,82 siendo una muy buena opción para una microempresa por lo que se considera un proyecto totalmente viable.

Resumen
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal la obtención de jarabe de suero a partir de residuos lácteos, para provechar todos los nutrientes presentes en este subproducto lácteo y reducir al máximo los impactos generados al ambiente. El jarabe de suero se obtuvo a través de una reacción de hidrólisis con la enzima: β-galactosidasa de Kluyveromyces lactis y la adición de insumos y aditivos, 1 h a 40 °C y 6,4 de pH con agitación constante. El lactosuero cumplió desde el punto de vista fisicoquímico y bacteriológico para ser utilizado como materia prima en la producción del jarabe de suero y tuvo aceptación en una muestra de consumidores. El proceso a nivel de laboratorio logró validarse a escala piloto, obteniéndose resultados similares en ambos casos, los parámetros a controlar fueron: temperatura, agitación, cantidad y calidad del sustrato y de la enzima, pH y tiempo de reacción. Las propiedades del jarabe obtenido muestran ciertas variaciones con respecto al comercializado en Ecuador, lo cual puede ajustarse concentrando el producto final. Se realizaron balances de masa y energía para el diseño de la marmita. Se debe garantizar que la materia prima, insumos y aditivos se encuentren en óptima calidad y verificar las características de la enzima utilizada en caso de que sea sustituida para establecer los nuevos parámetros de reacción (tiempo de reacción, pH y temperatura).

Resumen
Euphorbia laurifolia es una especie vegetal de la familia Euphorbiaceae distribuida en colombia, venezuela y Ecuador. Tradicionalmente es usada para el tratamiento de afecciones al hígado, para evitar la formación de abscesos y verrugas en la piel. Debido a su alta disponibilidad y variedad de usos constituye una materia prima de importancia fitoquímica y farmacológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar el estudio fitoquímico preliminar y la evaluación de la actividad citotóxica del látex de E. laurifolia sobre artemia salina. Se obtuvieron diversos extractos del látex de la especie, a partir de los cuales se realizó la separación e identificación mediante Cromatografía en Capa fina (TLC). La evaluación de la actividad citotóxica sobre artemia salina se llevó a cabo utilizando la fracción hexánica usando concentraciones de 0, 31, 62, 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm. Se estableció que E. laurifolia presenta compuestos terpénicos, identificando por TLC posibles moléculas como el borneol (Rf 0.24) y el cineol (Rf 0.40). Respecto a la citotoxicidad de la fracción hexánica, se obtuvo una concentración letal media (LC50) de 214.50 ppm, demostrando que el extracto es tóxico. El látex de E. laurifolia es rico en compuestos terpénicos con alta actividad citotóxica; por tanto, presenta un destacable potencial para futuros estudios farmacológicos.

Resumen
En los últimos años, los materiales compuestos FRCM (fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composites) producidos con tejidos de fibras naturales se han convertido en potenciales sustitutos de sistemas compuestos de fibras sintéticas o minerales. La eficiencia de los materiales compuestos FRCM depende, entre otras cosas, de su capacidad de adherencia y transmisión de los esfuerzos internos entre sus componentes. En esta investigación se diseñó un sistema FRCM cementicio reforzado con tejidos de sisal para que alcance niveles satisfactorios de adherencia y resistencia. Para mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas y obtener un sistema adecuado para el reforzamiento de elementos de hormigón armado, fue necesario el diseño y fabricación de tejidos de sisal de características geométricas particulares, favorables a la penetrabilidad. El comportamiento mecánico del sistema frcm diseñado en este estudio se verifcó llevando a cabo pruebas de corte SLS (Single Lap Shear test) y pruebas pull-off. Los resultados se compararon con aquellos obtenidos probando materiales compuestos FRCM producidos con tejidos no diseñados de sisal.

Resumen
Con el fin de desarrollar procesos nuevos que pretendan aprovechar los residuos sólidos generados por las industrias de curtiembre, se abre paso a la posibilidad de recuperar las grasas generadas en la etapa de descarnado, ya que la grasa animal contiene principalmente ácidos grasos (linoleíco, mirístico, esteárico, palmítico y oleico) de un valor comercial que pueden ser extraídos y transformados en un subproductos de uso industrial, además de incrementar la rentabilidad de este tipo de empresas y reducir su impacto ambiental. Las carnazas que son pedazos de piel con grasa adheridas a las mismas, son separadas y se obtiene tres residuos: grasa, líquido y lodos, siendo el objeto de estudio la grasa sin considerar el resto de residuos. Con la grasa recuperada se realizaron análisis físico-químicos (índice de saponificación, yodo, acidez y peróxido) y posteriormente ensayos de laboratorio que iniciaron con la transformación de la grasa a un alcohol, seguido de la sulfonación y por último la neutralización, pruebas que dan como resultado la formación de un tensoactivo a partir de este tipo de grasas.

Resumen
El problema de la contaminación de las aguas es uno de los grandes desafíos para la humanidad. Por lo tanto, su estudio y conocimiento es una necesidad, mas aún en lugares con poca o ninguna infraestructura que permita el tratamiento de aguas residuales, tal como es el caso del vertimiento directo de aguas servidas en la mayoría de los ríos del Ecuador. Esta investigación busca determinar la contaminación orgánica en un tramo del río Chambo, localizado en la provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador, en el que se vierten, sin tratamiento previo las aguas residuales de la ciudad de Riobamba, así como las aguas contaminadas del río Chibunga. Para este estudio se aplica el índice Icomopara la valoración de la contaminación orgánica en ríos, basado en la determinación experimental del oxígeno disuelto, DBO5 y coliformes totales. Las mediciones realizadas de estos parámetros fueron realizadas en un espacio temporal de 7 días en 7 puntos de muestreo. El estudio verificó que el río mantiene un nivel de contaminación orgánica bajo antes de la descarga de agua residual y que además después de la misma logra auto-depurarse aguas abajo por efecto de la geomorfología y el caudal que este posee.

Resumen
La investigación se fundamenta en la evaluación global de la mantenibilidad en sistemas industriales, dividida en dos fases. La primera fase es el cálculo del indicador probabilístico de la mantenibilidad, abordando varias aristas, como la marca de los equipos y los tipos de falla. Para el análisis probabilístico se utilizó la distribución de Weibull, el análisis se realizó en un grupo de 91 grupos electrógenos, en un lapso de diez meses. En la segunda fase se analiza los retardos logísticos y administrativos del mantenimiento que afectan a la mantenibilidad, se delineó un nuevo indicador que permite evaluar dichos retardos. Estos procedimientos mencionados se complementan, pues el primero evalúa el tiempo de la ejecución técnica del mantenimiento y el segundo evalúa las demoras logísticas y administrativas, esto proporcionará información útil para la toma de decisiones y la mejora continua.

Resumen
El presente trabajo muestra la evolución cronológica de la explotación del oro en el mundo y en Ecuador, partiendo desde la época de la pre-cianuración hasta la denominada fiebre del oro. Se hace énfasis en el aprovechamiento de este recurso que permitió el desarrollo económico de las zonas donde el metal fue explotado y en las consecuencias tanto sociales como ambientales esencadenadas por esta actividad. Además, se describen las técnicas de explotación y refinación, utilizadas para la recuperación de este metal, enfocándose en las técnicas de fito-extracción y fito-remediación como alternativas a los procesos físico-químicos. Finalmente, se resalta cómo Ecuador puede contribuir en el desarrollo de tecnologías alternativas para la extracción de oro, a través del estudio de las características de algunas plantas nativas existentes en la región amazónica.

Resumen
El tétanos es una enfermedad infecciosa aguda, grave y potencialmente mortal, que afecta al sistema nervioso, es causada por una neurotoxina denominada tetanospasmina producida por la bacteria Clostridium tetani. Esta infección es infrecuente y no es contagiosa; sin embargo sigue afectando ocasionalmente a nuestra población. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 65 años de edad quien ingresó al Hospital General IESS de Latacunga, provincia de Cotopaxi, por lesión postraumática en pierna izquierda y diez días después, presentó tétanos generalizado. La paciente desconocía su historial de inmunizaciones de la infancia y en la edad adulta nunca recibió vacuna antitetánica. Inicialmente se manifestó con disfagia y trismus y 24 horas después evolucionó con un aumento del tono muscular generalizado y compromiso de musculatura respiratoria, por lo que fue ingresada en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en donde permaneció seis semanas; fue manejada con inmunoglobulina antitetánica, toxoide antitetánico, antibioticoterapia, relajantes musculares y tratamiento de soporte. La herida sobre infectada requirió injerto de piel luego de lo cual alcanzo recuperación completa. A propósito de este caso realizamos una breve actualización de la literatura sobre esta patología de presentación infrecuente, por la inmunización sistemática incluida en la estrategia nacional de inmunizaciones, que tiene una letalidad aproximada del 30%.

Resumen
La investigación tuvo por objeto evaluar la calidad microbiológica de los quesos frescos artesanales mediante el recuento de Staphylococcus aureus y aislar cepas de este microorganismo, para medir su resistencia a los antibióticos. Las queseras artesanales intervenidas están ubicadas en áreas rurales de Riobamba-Ecuador (San Juan, Pungalá y Punín). El proceso de muestreo se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con la normativa nacional (NTE INEN 1529-2-2013) y para la cuantificación de Staphylococcus aureus se siguió la Norma NTE. INEN 1528-2012. El aislamiento e identificación de las cepas bacterianas se realizó mediante técnicas microbiológicas, corroborando estos resultados con pruebas bioquímicas. Para determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de cepas aisladas de Staphylococcus aureus se utilizó la prueba de difusión en disco de Kirby-Bauer. La prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus fue de 83.33%, mismos que presentan resistencia a penicilina (100%), cefoxitina (33,33%) y eritromicina (80% resistencia intermedia). Estos resultados muestran que los quesos frescos artesanales analizados superan los rangos de referencia nacionales y que los altos niveles de resistencia a los antibióticos constituyen un potencial problema de salud pública.

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La responsabilidad ambiental obliga a buscar vías adecuadas de tratamiento para los desechos líquidos contaminados por compuestos orgánicos y brindar alternativas a las industrias que generan estos efluentes. Por lo cual este trabajo se basa en la degradación de p-Nitrofenol (PNF) aplicando compositos de dióxido de titanio (TiO2) en carbón activado (CA/TiO2). El fotocatalizador fue soportado sobre carbón en polvo (CA1) y carbón en escamas (CA2), llamados compositos, con el objeto de recuperarlo. Los compositos se caracterizaron con espectrofotómetro IR y microscopio de barrido electrónico. La degradación del contaminante fue evaluada con espectrofotómetro UV-visible. Para los ensayos con luz UV se utilizó una lámpara (λ = 365 nm) para irradiar el reactor durante todo el tiempo de proceso y H2O2 como agente oxidante. Una vez estudiados los distintos ensayos usando un diseño experimental completamente aleatorio, se observó que la combinación de CA1 muestra una alta eficiencia (99,1%) de remoción de PNF en una solución acuosa concentrada (250mg L-1), en un tiempo medio de 80 minutos, pues CA2 presenta una remoción menor (50,46%) en 80 minutos de tratamiento. Con esto se puede concluir que CA1 presenta un mejor acomplejamiento y eficiencia en la degradación de PNF.

Resumen
Se estudió la contaminación del aire a filo de calle en el Centro Histórico de Quito (DMQ) en un punto de alto flujo vehicular mediante el monitoreo continuo de gases y material particulado entre el 5 y 12 de abril de 2018. Se obtuvieron los perfiles horarios de las concentraciones de contaminantes y se pudo explicar su comportamiento. Las mediciones en el estudio no sobrepasaron los límites permisibles nacionales ni internacionales de calidad del aire; sin embargo se observaron picos anómalos en el caso del dióxido de azufre. Se evaluó la correlación cruzada de las series de tiempo entre los datos reportados por estaciones regionales de la Secretaria de Ambiente del DMQ y los datos obtenidos en este estudio, hallándose que el monóxido de carbono presenta una mayor concentración a filo de calle. Al realizar el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) se determinó varios contaminantes correlacionados, lo que corroboran sus ciclos de formación y demuestran la influencia de factores meteorológicos en la contaminación de aire a filo de calle. Finalmente se determinó que las concentraciones de PM10 en aire interior son mayores a lo registrado en aire exterior en el sitio de muestreo.

Resumen
En este trabajo se propone un método flexible para calcular un intervalo de confianza con réplicas Bootstrap para la diferencia de medias de dos muestras pareadas sin necesidad de normalidad, en el ámbito de la teoría de hipótesis. La hipótesis nula se rechaza si el intervalo de confianza no contiene el 0, caso contrario se acepta. Dos aplicaciones se realizan con las variables: producción mensual de leche y producción promedio mensual de leche, de vacas alimentadas solo con forraje y con forraje más ensilaje de maíz. También se realiza un estudio de simulación con muestras normales que se obtienen resultados similares con el método comúnmente utilizado de la t-Student y el método propuesto Bootstrap.

Resumen
Uno de los objetivos de la minería de datos es la clasificación; la cual tiene como fin clasificar una variable dentro de una de las categorías de una clase. En este trabajo se consideraron variables meteorológicas de la estación Cumandá, con el objetivo de determinar el modelo adecuado al conjunto de datos, se aplicaron los modelos de clasificación; Naive Bayes, CN2 Rule Induction, K-NN, Tree y Random Forest; y los métodos que modifican los parámetros asociados al clasificador; Cross validation, Random sampling, Leave one out y Test on train data; mediante el software Orange Canvas. Se calcularon las medidas de rendimiento; Classification accuary, Precisión Global y Sensibilidad. Se concluyó que los clasificadores Naive Bayes, CN2 Rule Induction y K-NN presentaron valores superiores al 75% de instancias correctamente clasificadas. El árbol de decisión y el Bosque Aleatorio superaron el 80%. En cuanto a los métodos que permiten modificar los parámetros asociados al clasificador se determinó que Validación Cruzada, presentó mejores resultados en todas las aplicaciones. La mayor precisión se alcanza en el clasificador bosque aleatorio, con un 83.9% aplicando validación cruzada, seguido por el muestreo aleatorio simple con un porcentaje del 83.1% de verdaderos positivos entre los casos clasificados como positivos.

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La variedad climática y la ubicación territorial del Ecuador favorece la diversidad biológica en el país. Sin embargo, debido a la presencia de gran número de flora y fauna por kilómetro cuadrado, la mayor parte no se encuentra estudiada, y a pesar de no contar con argumento científico para el uso de algunas especies vegetales, la población utiliza muchas de éstas para diferentes patologías, por lo que se realizó el estudio armacológico de seis especies del género Passiflora de la provincia de Chimborazo – Ecuador, empleadas tradicionalmente para tratar el nerviosismo. Para la identificación se llevó a cabo un perfil de cromatografía en capa fina de cada especie, de los que se pudieron determinar cantidades considerables de moléculas con agrupamiento de tipo flavónico y cuantificación de los flavonoides totales. De las especies estudiadas P. manicata se destacó por su elevado contenido de flavonoides totales usando el método de cloruro de aluminio para derivatizar los compuestos de interés y poder evaluarlos mediante espectrofotometría UV-visible. Mientras que para la actividad farmacológica se llevó a cabo in vivo mediante el modelo de laberinto en cruz elevado. De los resultados obtenidos se ha logrado determinar que al menos dos de las seis especies tienen actividad ansiolítica significativa a las dosis de 25 y 50 mg/kg de extracto hidroalcohólico, siendo P. mixta y P. edulis las especies vegetales que en su composición presentarían constituyentes bioactivos para tal efecto.

Resumen
El crecimiento de la agroindustria en el Ecuador ha causado en los últimos años graves problemas de contaminación ambiental que afectan a sus recursos naturales, por lo cual es importante aplicar estrategias cada vez más eficaces para determinar las fuentes de contaminación y mitigar sus impactos en el ambiente. Una de las más importantes es la presencia de metales pesados, por lo tanto, es fundamental la determinación cuantitativa de ellos para llevar a cabo su gestión adecuada. La provincia de Chimborazo se encuentra ubicada en la zona central de los Andes ecuatorianos y una de sus principales agroindustrias es la relacionada con la producción de plantas ornamentales, cuya contaminación por metales pesados no ha sido suficientemente estudiada, especialmente en lo concerniente a las aguas de riego. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue determinar cuantitativamente por espectroscopía de emisión atómica mediante plasma de acoplamiento inductivo, el grado de contaminación por metales pesados de las aguas de riego de la Industria Florícola “White River Roses” del cantón Penipe. Los resultados mostraron que, en general, el agua de riego que se utiliza en esta industria agrícola no contiene cantidades significativas de metales pesados.

Resumen
Parmelina tiliaceaes una especie de liquen de Ecuador que ha sido poco estudiada en relación a sus potenciales aplicaciones. La investigación se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de establecer la actividad antiinflamatoria y citotóxica de P. tiliacea, mediante un método celular in vitrobasado en el uso de una sal de tetrazolio soluble (WST-1) sobre neutrófilos aislados. Las moléculas de atranorina y dilactona del ácido pulvínico fueron aisladas del liquen P. tiliacea mediante métodos cromatográficos (cromatografía flash en columna y TLC). Los compuestos fueron identificados con la ayuda de estudios espectroscópicos (UV e IR), cromatográficos (TLC) y pruebas de identificación específicas para compuestos liquénicos usando reactivos químicos establecidos para este tipo de moléculas. Los resultados de actividad citotóxica mostraron una reducción de la viabilidad celular hasta un 15 – 20% a una concentración de 200 μg/mL de ambos compuestos identificados. A la misma concentración de 200 μg/mL, la actividad antiinflamatoria de atranorina, dilactona del ácido pulvínico y ácido acetilsalicílico (control positivo) fueron 75.92±0.73%, 73.65±0.44% y 83.77±0.47%, respectivamente. Este estudio constituye la base para investigaciones posteriores sobre líquenes en el Ecuador.

Resumen
Los sistemas de distribución de agua potable constituyen una pieza clave en el bienestar y el desarrollo de una población, siendo importante el estudio técnico y minucioso de la misma. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar un modelo hidráulico de la red de abastecimiento de agua potable de la ciudad de Riobamba, la cual se encuentra distribuido en 9 sectores, misma que suministra el recurso alrededor de 249.891 habitantes. El modelo desarrollado que simula el comportamiento de la red se realizó en conjunto con la colaboración de la Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de la Ciudad de Riobamba (EMAPAR). Para determinar la eficiencia del modelo se compararon los resultados del modelo desarrollado, con los registrados por la empresa municipal, comprendidos entre los años 2014 y 2015. El estudio en este sentido es de vital importancia, en vista que constituye una herramienta funcional para el análisis dinámico de la red de abastecimiento. De este modo se evaluará puntos estratégicos de la red, donde se evidencia presiones altas en el sistema, mismas que ocasionan fugas en la red disminuyendo su eficiencia volumétrica y aumentando los costos de explotación y distribución del recurso. El software empleado para la simulación es EPANET (Rosman, 2002) que es una de las herramientas más utilizada para la simulación de redes de abastecimiento de agua, el cual permite al usuario llevar a cabo simulaciones en estado estacionario y en estado dinámico con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento hidráulico del sistema.